The word “Bant” is derived from African roots, just like the word “Tulu.” Other Dravidian languages of southern India, notably Kannada and Telugu, also contain the word “bant.” Currently, the term “bunt” designates a specific community in Tulunadu. However, the word “bant” (sometimes spelt as “bunt”) previously denoted and described a profession. It was a line of work for kings and chieftains’ closest bodyguards or warriors. According to Pad-danas, the legendary Tulu warriors Koti and Chennaya, who belonged to the baidyer/billava caste, worked as bodyguards for Ballala chieftains. Hanumantha (also known as Hanuman) was referred to be Rama’s banta in the senses of trusty and potent personal assistant.The Ramayana’s use of the word indicates how old the meaning of the word is.
My past posts on the Bantu>Bunt word origin may have given the false idea that our “Bunts” are directly descended from the African Bantu ethnic group. My earlier talks were centred on the word’s etymology rather than the same-named Tulu settlement. Let me spell the basic word “bant” and the community’s name “bunt” to avoid any misunderstandings.

The word “bant” has a very old (4000–2000 BC) origin, with its basic roots in a number of African and Mediterranean languages (such as Sumerian and Akkadian, etc.), which had an impact on the development of Dravidian languages, including Tulu. Our distinctive Tulu folk oral literature in the Pad-dana form has deeper origins in the like “oratures” (=oral+ literature) that are common in the African heritage.

In Africa, an ethnic group made up of 400 tribes and their languages is referred to as the “Bantu.” One of the most widely used Bantu languages is Swahili. These tribes were first classified as a Bantu group in 1862 by Dr. Wilhem H. I. Bleek (1827–1875). The Bantu group may have been given their current name relatively recently, but the word “bant” itself has a long history. The word “Bantu” as it is used now in Africa (ba+ ntu) denotes “people” in Bantu languages. Additionally, the word “bant,” which originally meant “persons” in proto-Tulu and related proto-Dravidian tribes that eventually migrated to southern India, has developed to mean “a dependable, strong person.”

Armed Kannada-Telugu Tulu Bants

Originally, the Tulu people used the term “bant” or “bante” to refer to a professional bodyguard who was typically trained in the “garodi” (=ancient martial arts gymnasium of Tulunadu). The word also has a similar connotation in Telugu and Kannada.
Since the time of the Kadambas, the Tulu chieftains, known as Alupas, had a sociopolitical and marital relationship with the Kannada monarchs. Between the 5th and 10th centuries, the Tulu “bants” served as warriors and bodyguards in the armies of the Chalukya Kannada and Kadamba rulers.

Bants are a subcaste of the Tamil Mutharaya and Telugu Mudiraju communities in Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh. At various points in history, the Mudiraju people have been farmers, fisherman, special soldiers, warriors, and members of the governing elite. According to legend, Vellala (or “Ballala”) Bants moved from Tulunad Karavali to Andhra around that time. This was due to the fact that between the seventh and eighth centuries AD, Kannada Chalukya monarchs ruled over a portion of Andhra. Chalukya monarchs established Telugu script during their rule, based on the pre-existing mediaeval Kannada script. (As a result, even now the Telugu script resembles the Kannada script)
As a community name, Bunt

The term was then adopted as a community name because many Tulu farmers (Okkaliga/Nadava/Nair) were professional bants during the Tulu and Dravidian history. The Tulu bunts have grown into a composite community group during the course of Tulunad’s history from many groups of people, including farmers known as Okkaligas, Alupas (later known as Alva), Nairs, Nadavas, and Jain converts.

We frequently struggle to imagine past events because our views are typically centred on the current surroundings. Many people find it difficult to understand the concept of migrations because they envisage an entire, colossal population moving from one location or region to another on the size they see today.
It will be helpful to imagine the scope of migrations that took place in the previous history by thinking about one minor occurrence from relatively recent history.
The Nadava migration
Five Nadava families from Kundapur Taluk relocated to the Ankola-Gokarna region of Uttara Kannada District about 500 years ago after leaving their ancestral homeland owing to conflicts with the local population. They travelled about 100 km north, crossing many coastal rivers.After five centuries, the Nadava community in the Ankola-Gokarna region now numbers more than 10,000 people.
The migrated Nadavas of present-day Uttara Kannada have undergone substantial changes in their language, culture, and beliefs over the past five centuries. Their current “Nadava Kannada” language differs little from the current “Kundapur Kannada” language. Minor adjustments have been made to their beliefs as well: Lord Tirupati Venkataramana’s local influence has replaced the cult of spirit worship. While the “moolasthana” notion is all but gone, the “bari” concept has evolved into the “balli” concept. The Bommayya devaru celebration has evolved from the Bermer cult.

Since before India’s independence, the word “tulu” has been the subject of debate in literary circles. The historical data on the word “Tulu” has been collated by Dr. Palthadi Ramakrishna Achar (1999) in his book “TuLu naaDu- nuDi.” As noted by Dr. Achar, the majority of evaluations have been performed with Tulu being considered more of a characteristic of the region or the people than a language.

1. According to “Rajatha Peethapura Mahatme” (1913), Ramabhoja, an Udupi chieftain, offered Tulbhra to the deity as atonement for the sin of killing a serpent. The equivalent of one’s body weight in gold or another material, depending on the worshipper’s position, is known as a tulbhra.As a result, it has been proposed that the word Tulu derives from the Tulbhra. Since Rama Bhoja seems to be a fictitious monarch without support in the historical history of the region, academics have not embraced the theory.
2. Another comparable narrative in the ancient text “Keralotpatti,” which originated in Kerala, tells the story of one “Tuluban Perumal,” who ruled over the region of Koteswara, Kundapaura, and gave it the name “Tulunad.”
   Once more, this is pure fantasy because there is no proof that any Tuluban Perumal ruled Tulunad.
3. The name “Tulu” was coined by Dr. B. A. Salettur from the Kannada root “tooL,” which meaning “to attack.” Due to the fact that Tulu people never harmed anyone or held any expansionist aspirations, Dr. Gururaja Bhat had dismissed this suggestion.
4. Manjeswara Govinda Pai argued that the Tamil term “Tulai,” which means to row or play with water, is the source of the word Tulu.
5. According to Kudkadi Viswanatha Rai (quoted in Dr. Achar, 1999), the word “tullal” (which means to squirm or dance) may have been used in the phrase “Tullal naadu,” from which the Tulu language is believed to have originated. The native Mera or Muger tribes refer to their wedding ritual as “tullal.”
6. Dr. Gururaja Bhat suggested that the term “turu,” which refers to cattle, is a modified form of the word “tulu.” One of the ancient occupations in India that is still practised today is the herding and grazing of cattle. Gujarati cowherders, also known as Yadavas, are regarded as some of the first inhabitants in Tulunad.According to Harivamsha, Haritha of the Yadava tribe presided over Tulunad. However, there are no conclusive arguments in favour of the word conversion turu>tulu.
7. A royal clan known as the “Tolahars” ruled over a region of Tulunad. Some employees have considered the conversion of tola to tulu.
8. J.Sturrock suggested that the word Tulu might refer to the “soft” nature of the locals in his South Canara Manual (Vol. I), as the adjective “tuluve” is used to describe the soft pulpy form of jack fruit. However, specialists like Dr. Gururaja Bhat have rejected this argument.
9. The word “Tulu” is associated with water, as Sediyapu Krishna Bhat has noted. Instead of the suggestion of “softness,” it should be remembered that “tuluve” (the name of the jack fruit) also implies “watery.” Other words in Tulu that are connected to water are talipu, teli, teLi, teLpu, tuLipu, tulavu, and tamel. TuLuku and toLe are also related to water in Kannada. The same word, tulli, has the same meaning in Tamil and Malayalam.It’s interesting to note that Manjeswar Govinda Pai had previously proposed that the word Tulu may have originated from the Tamil word tulai, which means to row, dive, or play in the water.Thus, it can be inferred that the meaning of the word Tulu is “connected to water.”
10. According to the Honnali inscription from the Shimoga district, which dates from 1203 AD, the term “Tulu” was also employed as a clan name. According to the inscriptions, Dr. Gururaja Bhat has listed a number of personal names that contain Tulu as an affix, including Tuluveswara, Tuluva Chandiga, Tulu Senabova, Tuluvi Setti, Tuluvakka Heggadati, Tulu Alva, and Tulai Amma. The Basrur (in Kundapur taluk) inscription from the year 1401 AD recalls a Tuluvi Setti who donated land to cover the ongoing costs of the Basrur Tuluveswara temple. In addition, the renowned Vijayanagar monarch Krishnadevaraya was thought to be a member of the “Tuluva” lineage.
    Thus, it is clear that the word “Tulu” refers to something that is associated with water and also serves as the name of a clan or group.The term “tulu” is more universal than we typically realise.

The word “Tulu” itself is extremely old. You can find evidence online that the word Tulu has a wider scope than we might conceive. It appears that the word “Tulu” initially had the meaning “water and water associated characteristics” in the language of its origin, but it is possible that it later came to mean other things as a result of changes in the environment.
The morpheme “tu” in the ancient Sumerian language stood for “water spring or well” or “water-related activities like bathing or washing,” while the morpheme “lu” stood for “number or abundance,” “people,” etc. Another word from the Sumerian language, “tulu” or “tule,” signified “soft or placid.” (Compare the latter meaning’s resemblance to our ‘tuluve’ jackfruit.)

The word Tulu, which may be found on the list of African given names and means “spread out in all directions,” may allude to the wandering nature of the Tulu people. The African word “Zulu,” which has a similar vocalisation, also means “water.”
Since these original ancient Tulu tribes migrated from the north African-Mediterranean region, I think the word “Tulu” has been used since the Sumerian period of early civilization (about 6000–4000 BC). Many of the Afro-Asiatic languages spoken today have evolved from ancient Sumerian and similar languages. The original meaning of the word “Tulu” was (1) water or activities involving water, and (2) calm and soft. Even if several millennia have passed in the context of time, these old concepts are still relevant today.

These Sumerian meanings are comparable to those explained in the context of the current Tulu in Tulunad by Sediyapu Krishna Bhat and Manjeswar Govinda Pai.
Ethiopia can be considered the birthplace of the human race because there were discovered the oldest fossils of Homo sapiens, known as Omo I and Omo II, which date back 165,000 years. Archaeology and palaeontology, along with genetic studies, have been used to recreate the various periods of the beginning of human migrations from Africa and Ethiopia.
Place names in Tulu
Several cities and localities in Ethiopia go by the name Tulu. Among Ethiopians, “Tulu” is also a surname or a component of a name. For instance, Derartu Tulu is a female athlete from Ethiopia. At least four locations (towns, settlements) are known as “Tulu” in Ethiopia, while at least one location each is known as “Tulu” in neighbouring African nations Kenya, Sudan, Nigeria, and Zaire. More than 12 locations in Ethiopia are shown on web maps with the prefix “Tulu,” including Tulu Bolo, Tulu Bora, Tulu Ferda, and Tulu Guracha.

Migrations of Tulu
On the basis of these findings, I propose that the original Tulu tribes left Africa due to unfavourable environmental conditions. These tribes are said to have come from Ethiopia in northern Africa.
Scientists have concluded that numerous tribes left Africa circa 2000 BC as a result of widespread desertification in northern Africa, based on environmental geological evidence. The Tulu place names found in other African nations imply that the early Tulu tribes moved in a variety of ways. The name “Tulucurrent “‘s African meaning, which is “flung in different directions,” may be the result of migrations.

It is currently difficult to determine the exact nature of the principal Tulu tribes’ native Ethiopian languages, but we can assume that some of the original terms are still extant in the modern Tulu language as fossils.
Over the past 6000 years, the Tulu language has developed or grown independently of other African languages, giving it its distinct identities and traits. Divergent evolutionary patterns cause a number of things to alter. However, some extinct root words might still survive!
Tulu place names can also be found outside of Africa in Pakistan (called “Thulu”), Afghanistan, Myanmar, China, Bolivia, Brazil, Papua New Guinea, and the Phillipines.

The current name of the Afghan television network is “Tulu TV.” In the current Afghan language, the word “Tulu” means something akin to “the rise” or “the dawn.” Keep in mind that the meaning of “Tulu” in Afghan is distinct from its African roots. Near Pirak, where many of the tribes resided between approximately 2000 and 500 BC, is Afghanistan. Several past entries on this blog have covered the Tulu tribes’ Pirak event.
The Tulu tribes initially established and inhabited the Pirak region for almost 1500 years before migrating once more (between 500 and 300 BC) to their current abode in Tulunad.

The mother’s name who travelled to Pirak with her family from Africa may have been the original “Tulu.” When the original “Tulu” family migrated from their native home, they brought a number of root words with them. In the previous millennium, a handful of these Tulu lineages or clans were also active in the Kundapur, Honavar, and Banavasi regions.
And Krishnadevaraya, the ruler of Vijayanagar, came from a family that went by the name of Tulu clan.

The Town-hall Auditorium in Mangalore hosted a remarkable Tulu stage production on Sunday, October 7, 2007, by the Rangavathar stage company. The short writings of celebrated Tulu author D.K. Chouta served as the inspiration for the movie “Kariajjerna katekulu.” Krishnamurthy Kavattar, who honed his theatrical skills with the renowned Ninasam troupe of Heggodu, directed the performance.
The drama, which is based on a collage of four short stories taken from the same-titled book by D.K. Chouta, skillfully captures Tulu culture and attitude using neo-style audio-visual theatrical techniques. The rural “guthu” culture, Lord Malaraya’s spirit worship, the Kola and Nema, the recital of verse from the Yakshagana folk theatre, and the presence of aborigines were all masterfully blended into the performance. Since ancient times, the guthus—a big landlord’s household—have served as the traditional centres of authority at the rural level in Tulunad. The topic is meaningful because to the beautiful wooden pillar backdrop, buta mancha, and scarecrow (representing the paddy field) that are typical of rural Tulu households. For the experimental stage production, the entire Rangavathar team and author Chouta deserve praise.
The term “mooladakulu,” used to describe the scheduled servants attending the “guthu,” was one particular usage in the drama that resonated with me. “Those from the origin” or “Aborigines” is what “Mooladakulu” truly means. I’ve written more on native Americans in past posts.

I suggest that the Tulu language has evolved in three stages. This universal inheritance is likewise shared by other Dravidian languages.
Stage I: ca.4000-2000 BC – Proto Tulu
Ethiopia is where Proto-Tulu first appeared. There were numerous terms in it that were derived from African and Sumerian languages. Some of these words are still used today. The region is also where other Proto-Dravidian languages were developed.
With the development of the Sahara desert, northern Africa experienced significant desertification around 2000 BC. Numerous human groups were compelled to relocate from Africa to greener regions with more basic facilities as a result of the unfavourable environmental conditions. The Tulu and other Proto-Dravidian tribes moved from Africa.

Stage II: ca.2000-500 BC – Early Tulu
The Pirak region of Central Asia, which is now a part of Pakistan, was colonised by emigrating Tulu tribes and proto-Dravidians. Early Prakrit was the native tongue of the Pirak area. Interactions took place with Indo-Aryans from Eastern Iran. The oral composition of the Vedas was carried out by a group of Indo-Aryan sages. In this region, early Tulu and Dravidian tribes learned how to grow rice. These Tulu/Dravidian tribes were once more lured to migrate to India by unfavourable environmental conditions in search of greener pastures.

Stage III: ca.500-300 BC – Tulu
Early Dravidian and Tulu tribes moved into India. They journeyed, made temporary settlements in various parts of northwest India, interacted with the regional language groups, and then moved on to the west coast of India. The verbal exchange between Dravidian and Marathi was influenced by interactions between Dravidian and Marathi tribes. Early Prakrit has evolved into the Marathi language.

Tulu tribes made their home in the Karavali region, also known as Tulunadu. Early Kannada tribes made their homes in the Karnataka plains. (It’s possible that the names Kannada and Karnataka developed later.) The first Malayalees arrived in Malabar after travelling further south. Tamils continued to move and eventually established in Early-Madhurai, a location along India’s southern coast. The sea’s incursion ruined the Early-Madhurai, and Tamils were forced to relocate to inland townships once more given the name Madhurai.

At that time, southern India was dominated by the Munda group of languages and cultures. The Munda tribes were skilled farmers. Wheat, barley, jowar, ragi, cow pea (kadale), black gramme (urd), green gramme (padengi), horse gramme (kudu), togari, and other crops were among the many varieties they were growing. As a result of interactions between the arriving tribes and the Munda tribes, the Munda language and culture were assimilated into Tulu and other Dravidian languages and cultures. Groups from the Dravidian region introduced techniques for growing rice that they had used in prior settlements.

Since before India’s independence, the word “tulu” has been the subject of debate in literary circles. The historical data on the word “Tulu” has been collated by Dr. Palthadi Ramakrishna Achar (1999) in his book “TuLu naaDu- nuDi.” As noted by Dr. Achar, the majority of evaluations have been performed with Tulu being considered more of a characteristic of the region or the people than a language.

1. A chieftain from Udupi named Ramabhoja gave Tulbhra to the Lord in “Rajatha Peethapura Mahatme” (1913) to atone for the sin of killing a serpent. The equivalent of one’s body weight in gold or another material, depending on the worshipper’s position, is known as a tulbhra. As a result, it has been proposed that the word Tulu derives from the Tulbhra. Since Rama Bhoja seems to be a fictitious monarch without support in the historical history of the region, academics have not embraced the theory.
2. Another similar tradition recalls the rule of one “Tuluban Perumal” from Koteswara, Kundapaura area, who gave the name Tulunad for the region in “Keralotpatti,” an ancient text that originated in Kerala. Once more, this is pure fantasy because there is no proof that any Tuluban Perumal ruled Tulunad.
3. The name “Tulu” was coined by Dr. B. A. Salettur from the Kannada root “tooL,” which meaning “to attack.” Due to the fact that Tulu people never harmed anyone or held any expansionist aspirations, Dr. Gururaja Bhat had dismissed this suggestion.
4. According to Manjeswara Govinda Pai, the Tamil term “Tulai,” which means to row or play with water, is thought to have been the source of the word “tulu.”
5. According to Kudkadi Viswanatha Rai (quoted in Dr. Achar,1999), the term “Tullal naadu,” which means to wiggle or dance, may have been the source of the Tulu language. The native Mera or Muger tribes refer to their wedding ritual as “tullal.”
6. According to Dr. Gururaja Bhat, the term “turu,” which refers to cattle, has been transformed to become the word “tulu.” One of the ancient occupations in India that is still practised today is the herding and grazing of cattle. Gujarati cowherders, also known as Yadavas, are regarded as some of the first inhabitants in Tulunad. According to Harivamsha, Haritha of the Yadava tribe presided over Tulunad. However, there are no conclusive arguments in favour of the word conversion turu>tulu.
7. A section of Tulunad was governed by a royal clan known as “Tolahars.” Some employees have considered the conversion of tola to tulu.
8. Since the term “tuluve” is used to describe the soft pulpy form of jack fruit, J.Sturrock deduced in his South Canara Manual (Vol. I) that the word Tulu may refer to the “soft” nature of the locals. However, specialists like Dr. Gururaja Bhat have rejected this argument.
9. The word “Tulu” is associated with water, as Sediyapu Krishna Bhat has noted. Instead of the suggestion of “softness,” it should be remembered that “tuluve” (the name of the jack fruit) also implies “watery.” Other words in Tulu that are connected to water are talipu, teli, teLi, teLpu, tuLipu, tulavu, and tamel. TuLuku and toLe are also related to water in Kannada. The same word, tulli, has the same meaning in Tamil and Malayalam.It’s interesting to note that Manjeswar Govinda Pai had previously proposed that the word Tulu may have originated from the Tamil word tulai, which means to row, dive, or play in the water.Thus, it can be inferred that the meaning of the word Tulu is “connected to water.”
10. According to the Shimoga district’s 1203 AD Honnali inscription, the term “Tulu” was also employed as a clan name. According to the inscriptions, Dr. Gururaja Bhat has listed a number of personal names that contain Tulu as an affix, including Tuluveswara, Tuluva Chandiga, Tulu Senabova, Tuluvi Setti, Tuluvakka Heggadati, Tulu Alva, and Tulai Amma. The Basrur (in Kundapur taluk) inscription from the year 1401 AD recalls a Tuluvi Setti who donated land to cover the ongoing costs of the Basrur Tuluveswara temple. In addition, the renowned Vijayanagar monarch Krishnadevaraya was thought to be a member of the “Tuluva” lineage.Thus, it is clear that the word “Tulu” refers to something that is associated with water and also serves as the name of a clan or group.The term “tulu” is more universal than we typically realise.

The word “Tulu” itself is extremely old. You can find evidence online that the word Tulu has a wider scope than we might conceive. It appears that the word “Tulu” initially had the meaning “water and water associated characteristics” in the language of its origin, but it is possible that it later came to mean other things as a result of changes in the environment.

The morpheme “tu” in the ancient Sumerian language stood for “water spring or well” or “water-related activities like bathing or washing,” while the morpheme “lu” stood for “number or abundance,” “people,” etc. Another word from the Sumerian language, “tulu” or “tule,” signified “soft or placid.” (Compare the latter meaning’s resemblance to our ‘tuluve’ jackfruit.) The word Tulu, which may be found on the list of African given names and means “spread out in all directions,” may allude to the wandering nature of the Tulu people. The African word “Zulu,” which has a similar vocalisation, also means “water.”

Since these original ancient Tulu tribes migrated from the north African-Mediterranean region, I think the word “Tulu” has been used since the Sumerian period of early civilization (about 6000–4000 BC). Many of the Afro-Asiatic languages spoken today have evolved from ancient Sumerian and similar languages. The original meaning of the word “Tulu” was (1) water or activities involving water, and (2) calm and soft. Even if several millennia have passed in the context of time, these old concepts are still relevant today. These Sumerian meanings are comparable to those explained in the context of the current Tulu in Tulunad by Sediyapu Krishna Bhat and Manjeswar Govinda Pai.

Ethiopia can be considered the birthplace of the human race because there were discovered the oldest fossils of Homo sapiens, known as Omo I and Omo II, which date back 165,000 years. Archaeology and palaeontology, along with genetic studies, have been used to recreate the various periods of the beginning of human migrations from Africa and Ethiopia.
Place names in Tulu

Numerous cities and communities in Ethiopia go by the name of Tulu. The Ethiopian people also use “Tulu” as a surname or component of a name. For instance, Ethiopian female athlete Derartu Tulu. There are at least four localities (towns, settlements) in Ethiopia that go by the name “Tulu,” and there are also at least one each in the adjacent African nations of Kenya, Sudan, Nigeria, and Zaire. More than 12 locations in Ethiopia have “Tulu” as a prefix on web maps, including Tulu Bolo, Tulu Bora, Tulu Ferda, Tulu Guracha, etc.

Migrations of Tulu
On the basis of these findings, I propose that the original Tulu tribes left Africa due to unfavourable environmental conditions. These tribes are said to have come from Ethiopia in northern Africa.
Scientists have concluded that numerous tribes left Africa circa 2000 BC as a result of widespread desertification in northern Africa, based on environmental geological evidence. The Tulu place names found in other African nations imply that the early Tulu tribes moved in a variety of ways. The name “Tulucurrent “‘s African meaning, which is “flung in different directions,” may be the result of migrations.

It is currently difficult to determine the exact nature of the principal Tulu tribes’ native Ethiopian languages, but we can assume that some of the original terms are still extant in the modern Tulu language as fossils.
Over the past 6000 years, the Tulu language has developed or grown independently of other African languages, giving it its distinct identities and traits. Divergent evolutionary patterns cause a number of things to alter. However, some extinct root words might still survive!

Tulu place names can also be found outside of Africa in Pakistan (called “Thulu”), Afghanistan, Myanmar, China, Bolivia, Brazil, Papua New Guinea, and the Phillipines.
The current name of the Afghan television network is “Tulu TV.” In the current Afghan language, the word “Tulu” means something akin to “the rise” or “the dawn.” Keep in mind that the meaning of “Tulu” in Afghan is distinct from its African roots. Near Pirak, where many of the tribes resided between approximately 2000 and 500 BC, is Afghanistan. Several past entries on this blog have covered the Tulu tribes’ Pirak event.
The Tulu tribes initially established and inhabited the Pirak region for almost 1500 years before migrating once more (between 500 and 300 BC) to their current abode in Tulunad.

The mother’s name who travelled to Pirak with her family from Africa may have been the original “Tulu.” When the original “Tulu” family migrated from their native home, they brought a number of root words with them. In the previous millennium, a handful of these Tulu lineages or clans were also active in the Kundapur, Honavar, and Banavasi regions.
And Krishnadevaraya, the ruler of Vijayanagar, came from a family that went by the name of Tulu clan.

The idea that humanity originated in Africa and spread throughout the world raises the possibility that languages originated and spread in a similar manner. Prehistoric According to the mother tongue theory of language origin, human migrations seem to have contributed to the current diverse distribution of languages around the world.
The languages seem to have started out as simple sounds that later developed into morphemes and words. Sentences were constructed using words to complement gestures and improve expression accuracy.The movement of people to various parts of the world has resulted in the introduction of numerous word variations, the acceptance of new terms, patterns and styles for combining words into sentences, usages, and grammars based on the setting and the relationships between the local population. Therefore, different and complicated languages have been created as a result of evolution, migration, and diverse settings.

The emergence of the speech-related gene FOXP2 is thought to have led to the evolution of the earliest oral/spoken languages some 130,000 years ago. In the beginning, oral communication predominated, including literature and education. Writing eventually developed around 5000 years ago as a result of the requirement for maintaining corporate records as well as the preservation and archiving of literature.

According to linguists like Meritt Ruhlen (1994), all currently spoken languages have a common ancestor, and words that are similar across languages typically arise from divergent evolution from a single earlier language.
The majority of the fundamental morphemes (word components) and words came from early civilizations and expanded over the world in tandem with trends and patterns of human migration and settlement.

One of the earliest civilizations that evolved and thrived between 6000 and 2000 BC is thought to have been the Sumerian civilization, which was located in the Mediterranean valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris (today parts of Iraq and Iran). Other places of the world, such as India, may have had contemporaneous or older civilizations, although this information is lacking.

We can anticipate to find some of the fundamental Tulu morphemes and words in the oldest civilizations, such as those that were established close to the region of northern Africa where mankind originated, in light of the fundamental hypothesis of the development of words and languages given above.

The assertion of the ancient Indian proverb “Vasudaiva kutumbakam” (=the entire world is one family) is in agreement with scientific results that indicate humans began in Africa and eventually spread out and occupied various regions of the world.
The skin, eye, and hair hues of the current world human population vary widely. The mutations in human genes, which in turn led to new variations in physical traits and the diversity of human races, were caused by a variety of natural geological events that had an impact on Earth.

Major volcanic eruptions like the one that occurred on Mt. Toba in Sumatra (about 74,000 years ago) after the genesis of humans likely had a significant impact on the current human races. The nuclear winter that followed the disastrous volcanic eruption and the dense dust storms may have had significant mutational impacts on the physiology and genetic makeup of people who eventually survived the catastrophe.
Similar to how other natural disasters, such as earthquakes, desertification, and river migration, diversion, and drying up, have affected human migrations, which in turn has affected interactions with other human groups.

Skin colour evolution after LGM
Around 10,000 years ago, the Pleistocene ice age, also known as the Last Glaciation Maximum, produced a substantial decrease in UV radiation in the sky, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Due to this, the amount of melanin in the skin was reduced, and genetic characteristics were altered, resulting in the formation of fair-skinned people in cold climates and intermediate colours (ranging from fair to brown tones) in temperate regions. The amount of melanin in a person’s skin determines their skin colour.

Gene mutations led to the development of persons with brown skin. The majority of the natural differences in skin pigmentation among south Asians can be attributed to polymorphisms in three genes, SLC24A5, TYR, and SLC45A2, which are connected to the amount of melanin in the skin. The MCIR gene is also reported to play a role in determining the colour of human skin and hair.

Human skin tone is stratified geographically and correlated with the amount of UV radiation in the environment. According to genetic studies, the Europeans and East Asians obtained their pale skin hues in various ways. With SLC24A5 and the blue-eyed version of OCA2 both genes indicating to considerable growth in frequency within the last 10,000 years, the evolution of the light skin predates the Ice Age.
By the time different coloured humans had evolved in various parts of the world, the majority of critical epochs in the history of humanity in terms of culture and civilization were post-Ice Age.

Richard Leakey found the Omo I and Omo II fossils in the Omo river valley in Ethiopia, which were determined to be 195,000 years old. They are the earliest known fossils of homo sapiens. Based on genetic studies of mtDNA and Y-chromosomes, the journey of mankind from 165,000 to 8000 years ago, coinciding with the pre-agricultural hunter-gatherer nomadic phase of human evolution, reveals that nearly the entire globe was populated by the mankind before 8000 years as a result of constant migrations during the last 150,000 years. It can be claimed that humankind almost evolved and perfected verbal/lingual communications during this lengthy time given the large migration trends.There are so many variations in the languages spoken around the world due to factors like time, distance, environment, and tribes that it is difficult to draw clear genetic relationships between them.

The information in the compilation of humankind’s journey indicates that:

1. Between 85,000 and 75,000.
   the initial wave (batch) of migration of people from Africa to India. the original Native Americans.
2. 74000 years ago.
   the enormous volcanic outburst recorded on Sumatra’s Mount Toba. The region of south Asia experienced nuclear winter as a result of the intense dust storms that followed, with volcanic dust dissipations continuing for six years up to India. Ice age activity occurred for a thousand years after volcanic activity. Most likely, widespread destruction of the human race, the natural world, and the vegetation happened in southern Asia.
3. between 74,000 and 65,000. Tribal people from Borneo and Assam in the northeast made their way into India.
4. About 65,000 to 52,000 years ago. Indian coastal migrations in both directions have been depicted: (a). A NW Indian branch that is travelling down the West Coast This is the second wave of migration from Africa, and it may be physically more developed than the first. (b). A different branch from the Bengal side is moving along the east coast. This is the first group of travellers returning from the journey of Australia and South-east Asia. This branch might signify the arrival of Munda (Austro-Asian) tribes in India.
5. 10000 years ago. The Last Glacial Maximum, commonly known as the Global Ice Age (LGM).Sea levels dropped by around 100m as a result of the Glaciation. Due to the exposure of many land bridges, which allowed people to go over sea routes, this made it easier for people to migrate across continents and land masses. The sea had receded, revealing a bigger coastline land mass, making it easier for people to migrate from India to Sri Lanka and vice versa across the sea via the Ram Sethu (also known as the Adams Bridge) land bridge. These geological and topographical features have repercussions that have influenced some well-known Indian tales.

According to anthropological studies based on the discovery of the oldest known human fossils in Ethiopia, the earliest known humans are believed to have arisen in eastern Africa around 165,000 years ago. Paleontology, paleoclimate, and archaeological research, along with genetic analyses of mtDNA and Y chromosomes, indicate that early humans evolved in East Africa and travelled to other continents as hunters and gatherers in the following period.

The general patterns of worldwide migration in the early history of humanity are summarised below using data from Prof. Stephen Oppenheimer and compilations made by the Bradshaw foundation. The statistics are only available for the 160,000 and 10,000 years prior to now. Therefore, migrations following the first ice age (10,000 years ago), the advent of agriculture (8000 years ago), and the rise of civilizations are glaringly absent from the research conducted thus far.

Years ago. Broad Human Migration events and climate
160,000. Origin of homo sapiens in East Africa
160,000-135,000. Hunters and gatherers. Migration along four divergent paths from Ethiopia. First generation mtDNA gene type L1
135,000-115,000. Migrations: Sahara> Nile>Levant
115,000-90,000. Levant branch died out. Desertification of North Africa. Reoccupied by Neanderthal man
90,000-85,000. Migrations: Red Sea> Arabian Coast> India. All non-African races evolved from this branch.
85,000-74,000. Migrations:Srilanka>IndianOcean>W.Indonesia>Borneo>S.China
74,000. Volcanic eruption at Mt.Toba, Sumatra. Indian subcontinent covered by Volcanic fly ash deposits almost depopulated.
74,000-65,000. Migrations: Timor> Australia>New Guinea. Repopulation of Indian subcontinent
65,000-52,000. Warming of climate around 52,000 years
52,000-45,000. Mini -ice age. Paleolithic culture.
45,000-40,000. Migrations: 1.East Asia coast >Central Asia >Steppe >NE Asia.2.Pakistan>Central Asia.3.Indochina>Tibet
40,000-25,000. Migrations: Central Asia>East Europe. Cave arts in France
25,000-22,000. Migrations: Siberia>Alaska through Bering land bridge. Native Americans
22,000-19,000. North Europe Asia, North America almost depopulated.
19,000-15,000.Last Glacial Maximum, 18,000 years ago. Bradshaw rock paintings, Australia.
15,000-12,500. Amelioration of global climate. Simple stone tools, flaxes, cobbles
12,500-10,000. Reoccupation of West America. Ice Age 10,000 years
10,000-8,000. End of Ice Age. Heralded agriculture. Sahara was grassland. Recolonization of Britain and Scandinavia.